Important concepts to review for the whole course

 

Carefully study the diagram which compares early development in sea urchins, mammals, birds, & teleost fish. The final exam will contain a few parts of this diagram, and ask you what kind of animal's embryo it depicts, at what stage of development, what organs develop from cells at locations marked with an arrow. For example, the gastrulating sea urchin picture might be marked with an arrow pointing toward the cells that form the skeleton, and the question asked: "The cells at this location develop into what differentiated cell type?" The contents of this diagram are very important; Every square centimeter of it should make sense to you, and awaken memories of many concepts, principles, facts, names of structures, fates of cells, and geometries of cell rearrangements. As examples, could you find examples of invaginating epithelia? Examples of extraembryonic membranes? Major differences in gastrulation of birds as compared with frogs? Similarities in gastrulation in human embryos and birds? Structures found only in fish embryos, and not in embryos of any other vertebrates? Differences in the non-living protective shells around embryos of different kinds of vertebrate embryos? Also review all the photographs, drawings and diagrams that are on any of the web pages for this course. Any of them might be on the final exam.   -----------------------------------   You should be able to define each of the following terms (see the review questions for the first hour exam.) Animal pole Archenteron Blastocoel Blastomere Blastopore Blastula Cavitation Epiboly Epithelial fusion Gastrulation Ingression Invagination Involution Polar bodies Stomodeum Vegetal pole   -----------------------------------   Which part of which germ layer does each of the following develop from? (see the review questions for the second exam) Bladder Brain Cloaca Coelomic cavity Dentin or Dentine Dermis Enamel of teeth Epidermis Eustachian tube Facial bones and muscles Fallopian tubules Hair, scales, feathers Heart Inner ear Kidney Lenses of eyes Liver Lungs Müllerian duct Melanocytes (or other pigment cells of the skin) Motor Nerves Neural Retina Nose Oocytes/b> Optic Nerve Oviduct Palate Pancreas Parathyroid gland Pigmented Retina Post-ganglionic autonomic nerves Pronephric Duct Rectum Salivary glands (three pairs) Seminiferous Tubules Sensory nerves Skeletal muscles Sperm Duct Sperm Thymus Thyroid Gland Tonsils Urine duct (Metanephric duct) Uterus Vertebrae Wolffian Duct   -----------------------------------   Can you identify each of the following people with an experiment, theory or concept? For example, you might write Turing, reaction-diffusion systems Steinberg, differential adhesion hypothesis Driesch, regulative development, entelechy Pierre Curie Hans Driesch Alan Feduccia Bob Goldstein Ross Harrison Johannes Holtfreter Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur Wilhelm Roux John Saunders Hans Spemann and Hilde Prösholdt Hans Spemann, another key experiment Malcolm Steinberg D'Arcy Thompson J.P. Trinkaus Alan Turing Ernst Weyl H.V. Wilson   -----------------------------------   Review the types of symmetry - displacement, dilation, rotational, etc., and be able to give examples of the biological shapes and letters and numbers that have particular symmetries. Be sure you understand the concept of symmetry breaking of processes that convert something to being less symmetrical than it was before. What is Curie's principle? Be able to describe two kinds of methods for breaking symmetry: outside stimuli such as point of sperm entry or direction of gravity, versus mechanisms like Turing's, which work by amplifying random molecular differences.