Embryology Biology 441 Spring 2009 Albert Harris
Some special embryological words: Learn to talk like a pro.
Animal pole: The place on an embryo surface where the polar bodies formed. Vegetal pole: The side of an oocyte or early embryo 180 degrees opposite the animal pole.
Blastomere: Any cell of a cleavage-stage or blastula-stage embryo Blastula: A stage of development of a sea urchin or an amphibian in which a hollow cavity has formed inside the embryo (with no connection to the outside) Blastocoel: The hollow (water filled) cavity inside a blastula. Gastrulation: Active movement of cells from the surface into the interior of a blastula.
"Early gastrula": An embryo in which gastulation has just begun. Guess what is meant by "mid-gastrula" and"late-gastrula" stages.
Invagination: (inward folding inward of part of a epithelial sheet of cells) Sea urchin gastrulation occurs by invagination. Human lungs form by invagination, etc. Archenteron: The future digestive tract, formed during gastrulation. Blastopore: The opening into the archentron. NOT connected to the blastopore! In sea urchin embryos, the blastopore forms at the vegetal pole. In frog and salamander embryos, the blastopore forms below the equator, on the side of the embryo that will become the posterior. Stomodeum: A small invagination that becomes the mouth. Connects to the archenteron. In sea urchin gastrulas, it forms near the animal pole. Ingression: Movement of epithelial cells out of an epithelium, and change to becoming mesenchymal. Partly caused by weakening of cell-cell adhesion, and increased adhesion to extracellular fibers on the side of the epithelium toward which the cells move. For example, the primary and secondary mesenchyme cells of sea urchin embryos are formed by ingression.
In bird, reptile & mammal embryos, gastrulation is by ingression instead of by invagination. Involution: A variation of invagination (in frog & salamander gastrulation) in which epithelial cells "roll" into the interior of the embryo. The blastopore is a curved slit, when formed this way. As this slit elongates, its ends curve downward, and eventually meet each other, forming a circle ("yolk plug stage"). Epithelial fusion Some examples are the fusion of the archenteron with the stomodeum and the fusion of one neural fold with the other neural fold. Cavitation (Of masses of mesenchymal cells, to form epithelial tubes, or sheets, Reorientation of cells to form an epithelial sheet surrounding a water-filled cavity) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- Thought questions: a) Would you expect the first polar body to be haploid, or diploid? b) What about the ploidy of a second polar body? c) Suppose that a sperm fused with a second polar body; might it then develop into some part of the person who develops from that oocyte? (explain your reasoning, pro or con.) d) By what evidence might you be able to detect that part of a person's body developed that way? (hint: You wouldn't actually need to see it happen.) e) If the spindle of a meiotic division (of an oocyte) got moved away from the animal pole, then the cleavages would divide to oocyte into more equal parts (i.e. either one or both polar bodies would be much bigger, even as big as a quarter or half the oocyte). What if such abnormal polar bodies developed as parts of the body? Why decide differentiated cell type by such active rearrangements as invagination, ingression and other "morphogenetic movements"
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